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نظام تشغيل (Operating System. OS):يرجع الفضل في اختراع نظام تشغيل الكمبيوتر الشخصي المصغر إلى عالم الكمبيوتر الأميركي "غاري كيلدال" (Gary Kildall) في عام 1973، ويُقصد به البرنامج الرئيسي الذي يتيح للمستخدم تشغيل البرامج في الكمبيوتر، ويدير جميع معداته، بما في ذلك الفأرة ولوحة المفاتيح، وشاشة العرض وآلات الطباعة والماسحات الضوئية، والراوتر والمودم ومحركات الأقراص الداخلية والخارجية وغيرها.
يتيح نظام التشغيل أيضاً تسهيل تنفيذ البرمجيات المثبتة الأخرى وإدارتها، فإذا شُغِّلت عدة برامج في الوقت نفسه، سيوزع نظام التشغيل موارد الكمبيوتر؛ مثل الذاكرة ووحدة المعالجة المركزية، ليضمن أن كل برنامج منها يتلقى ما يحتاج للتشغيل.
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